Childhood Cancer Essay example - 1626 Words

Childhood Cancer By: Amanda Bone July 11, 2010 HCA/240 Bruce Gould The body is made up of hundreds of millions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person’s life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries. Cancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. There are many kinds of cancer, but they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cell (American Cancer Society, 2010). About 10,730 children in the United States under the age of 15 were diagnosed with cancer in 2009 (American†¦show more content†¦It is rarely found in children older than 10. This type of cancer accounts for about 7% of childhood cancers. Wilms tumor is a cancer that starts in one, or rarely, both kidneys. It is most often found in children about three years old, and is uncommon in children older than six. It can sh ow up as a swelling or lump in the belly. This type of cancer accounts for about 5% of childhood cancers (American Cancer Society, 2010). Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma are cancers that start in the lymph tissues, such as the tonsils, lymph nodes, and thymus. These cancers may spread to bone marrow and other organs, which can cause different symptoms depending on where it is growing. Hodgkin’s lymphoma can occur in both children and adults, and accounts for about 4% of childhood cancers. It is more common, though, in two age groups: early adulthood (age 15-40, usually people in their 20s) and late adulthood (after 55). Hodgkin lymphoma is rare in children younger than five years of age. About 10% to 15% of cases are diagnosed in children and teenagers. About 81 out of 100 people diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma are alive one year after the disease is diagnosed. About 63 out of 100 people with the disease are alive at five years, and 49 out of 100 at 10 years (Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, 2005-2010). Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. It makes up a little more than 3% of childhoodShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Childhood Cancer2480 Words   |  10 Pagesto the cancer organization, maybe you will not. This commercial gets you thinking of those children, and families, and how they are coping with this big obstacle in their lives. The commercial shows all of those sick innocent children in the hospital that need help, and answers. Childhood cancer is something that can either give a child a second life as a result, or take their life away at such a young age. Most people do not know a lot about cancer, or the ways that they can help cancer victimsRead MoreInformative Speech On Childhood Cancer1265 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood Cancer Introduction I. Open with Impact: About 15,270 children ages 19 or under will be diagnosed with cancer this year. (National Cancer Institute, 2017) A. With that said, have any of you know someone diagnosed with cancer? II. Thesis: Today I have the opportunity to inform you all about the number one childhood cancer, Leukemia, and also the new technologies we are using to help combat this disease. III. 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(Leukemia-Lymphoma) There are few adults that may end up getting Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia but the symptoms would be much harder to find than it would be in a child. Although cancer in children is getting to the point where it is becoming rare or well it may seem thatRead MoreEssay about Costs of Childhood Cancer Treatment and Research2222 Words   |  9 PagesCancer, one of the most feared words in our vocabulary of this time, especially in childhood (Druker 1). Most people when thinking of â€Å"childhood cancer† envision very young children, although a â€Å"Nation Institute of Health Policy concerning inclusion of children in clinical research defines children as being younger than twenty-one years of age while the Food and Drug Administration considers children to be fifteen years and younger† (Ries 158). That being said, most cancers incidence peak among childrenRead MoreEssay about Childhood Cancer Clusters in California’s Central Valley1387 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood Cancer Clusters in California’s Central Valley Case report :Sakshi Arora March 22, 2012 This case study examines childhood cancers in agricultural communities of Mc Farland and Earlimart from 1978 to 1995. According to the local residents of these communities the main reason for cancer is contamination through pesticide in the agricultural farms which is the major source of employment for the residents of the community. McFarland is a small community inRead MoreChildhood Cancer : Suffering From Hodgkin s Lymphoma1376 Words   |  6 Pages Childhood cancer takes a tremendous toll on a family in general. It can be absolutely catastrophic without knowledge of the various strategies and coping tools successfully used by other families with histories of childhood cancer. Every year over 3,500 children are diagnosed with cancer (Yoak, 38). The news is devastating to a family. They are faced with a life altering event and the difficult task of helping the child understand what is happening to their bodies. No doubt the doctorsRead MoreChildhood Cancer Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pageslong-term comorbid survivors of childhood cancer with the high psychosocial risk factors, in middle adolescence at the time of initial cancer diagnosis will be more like to display PTSD symptoms than other childhood cancer survivors. For the purpose of this research, long-term is defined as three plus years after completion of the cancer treatment. Comorbidity is defined as having either a secondary physical illness and/or a mental di sorder diagnosed prior to the initial cancer diagnosis. PsychosocialRead MoreA Study On Childhood Cancer1260 Words   |  6 Pagesincrease in childhood cancer cases between the age of 0.8 and 12.8 years old. Between the two locations, 14 children with Leukemia were chosen to take place in this study. The children were compared based off of demographics, urinary and blood levels (metals, tungsten, pesticides, etc.) as well as location of residence compared to the rest of the U.S. Population. Variables were used in the determination of whether or not environmental exposure was the cause of the increase in cancer relatedRead MoreChildhood Cancer Case Study742 Words   |  3 Pagescontact patients who had given prior consent to the clinic personnel for personal information to be released for research purposes. Originally 3502 potential participants were chosen from the clinics database. A registered letter was sent to the childhood cancer survivors (3 years since ending treatment) ranging in age from18 to 28 who were treated between the years 1996 and 2011. Approximately 25% (N = 876) of the survivors responded to the potential participant questionnaire. It was found that 23%

Zinc And Omega-3 Supplements As Adjunctive Drugs In The...

Study explained the effect of zinc and omega-3 supplements as adjunctive drugs in the treatment of ADHD. Randomized, double-blind clinical trial conducted on 150 children between the 6-15 years for the period of 8 weeks. Besides of the drug of choice for the ADHD, patients’ placebo in the control group, zinc sulphate in the second group, omega-3 in third group. Improvement was checked by the Conners parent and teacher rating scale before and after the treatment. Findings showed that significant improvement occur in the zinc group compared to the experimental and control group. Study concluded that zinc supplements significantly improved the symptoms of ADHD. (Salehi B. 2016). Study reported that relationship between the serum zinc†¦show more content†¦Iron and zinc are supplemented in patients with ADHD and enhance the effectiveness of stimulant therapy. A greater attention to the education of parents and children in a healthy dietary pattern and omitting items shown to predispose to Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder perhaps the most promising alternative treatment of Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder. J. Gordon Millichap, et al (2012) A study conducted a critical review on childhood hyperactivity and artificial food colours. In USA food and drug administration and European food safety authorization are responsible for assuring that citizens use the artificial food colourings safely and appropriately. Since 1963, nine certified colour additives have been approved for use in the United States, and three of the nine were already banned in Europe. This study recommended that the legislature should move rapidly to enhance the reliability a nd safety of our food system. Li, Feifei (2012) Study explained focused on Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for the Treatment of Children with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and can alter central nervous system cell membrane fluidity and phospholipids composition. Cell membrane fluidity can alter serotonin and dopamine neurotransmission. Ten trials involving 699 children were included.Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation demonstrated significant effect in improving

Interventions For Substance Abuse Amongst Young People Free Essays

string(52) " of life that people lead, especially young people\." INTRODUCTION Despite the fact that young people are most often the healthiest group of people in the population (Emmelkamp, and Vedel, 2006), there is concern about the extent to which this group engages in risk-taking behaviours, including the consumption of drugs and alcohol and the abuse of these substances. Such activities expose them to problems ranging from the individual health level to the costs incurred during rehabilitation (Berglund, Thelander Jonsson, 2003). Rehabilitation needs often include mental health and psychiatric solutions due to the mental health and social problems caused by drinking and the consumption of illegal drugs. We will write a custom essay sample on Interventions For Substance Abuse Amongst Young People or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the UK, the use of psychoactive substances has become a major activity among the youth population. For example, it has been shown that 50% of young people in the age bracket 16-24 years have used an illicit drug on at least one occasion in their lives. This project also exposed that the most commonly used drug is cannabis which is used by 40% of youths aged 16-19 years and a shocking 47% of 20-24 year olds. Amphetamine then follows which is used by 18-14% of the above age groups. Between 2011 and 2012, 20,688 young people accessed substance misuse services, with the majority of this number accessing services for abuse of cannabis (64%) or alcohol (29%) (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). Over half of the users were aged 16 to 18 (53%), whilst the rest were aged under 16 (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). About two thirds (64%) of the young people who accessed specialist substance misuse services in 2010-11 were male. Overall, females accessing subst ance misuse services for young people are younger with 19% of males aged under 15 years compared to 27% of females. Almost half of the young people entering specialist substance misuse services are recorded as being in mainstream education, such as schools and further education colleges, followed by a further 19% in alternative education, such as schooling delivered in a pupil referral unit or home setting. A further 19% are recorded as not in education or employment. However, it should be noted that education and employment status was reported for only new young people entering specialist services during the year. Therefore, the total will be lower than that of all young people (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). Referrals to drug and alcohol treatment services commonly come from youth offending teams, although around 14% of referrals come from mainstream education institutions and 7% are made up of self-referrals. Perhaps surprisingly referrals from the Child and Adolescent Mental Health service (CAHMS) make up only 3% of referrals (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). These figures paint a perhaps surprising picture. For example, more young people are referred to specialist drug and alcohol services from mainstream education than specialist educational centres, suggesting that substance abuse could be far rifer amongst young people as might be expected. It could be argued that failure of school authorities to take a more effective preventative approach to drug and alcohol abuse may be contributing to the overall problem. These figures also suggest that immediate attention and intervention must be offered to young people to reduce negative outcomes associated with such high drug use. The statistics reveal that there is a high rate of drug and substance abuse among young people in the UK. The high of level concern about the use of illicit drugs and substances has an effect on health, educational and political discussions in the UK. The government’s national strategy for ten years on drug misuse views young people as a critical priority group in need of quick prevention and treatment intervention (Keegan and Moss, 2008) and recognises the need to improve our understanding of the role played by illicit drugs and substances in the lives of such young people. Educators, health practitioners and policy makers should have comprehensive understanding when it comes to discussions involving the abuse of illicit drugs. For example, the Government must take into account factors such as a lack of understanding amongst young people as to the laws that govern different classes of illegal drugs. Abuse of alcohol and other drugs leads to the destruction of cognitive and emotional development in young people and exposes them to an increased possibility of accidental injury or even death. Finally, there is also a risk of users becoming drug dependent. Abuse of drugs and alcohol by young people can also lead to such negative consequences as coronary heart diseases, lung cancer, AIDS, violent crime, child abuse and unemployment (Gurnack, Atkinson Osgood, 2002). As a result, individuals indulging in the use of alcohol and other drugs incur tremendous costs in their individual lives, their family lives and even their future careers. Society is also not exempt as it pays a price in different ways. For instance, society incurs extra costs in health care, drug and alcohol treatment, law enforcement and supporting the seriously affected families who have been rendered helpless by the situation. There are many reasons why young people become involved in substance abuse. From a sociology perspective it has been argued that the recreational abuse of drugs has become ‘normalised’ (Parker, Measham and Aldridge, 1995) among certain groups of young people. However, Shiner and Newburn (1997) have argued that this theory is reductionist and simplifies the reasons behind a young person’s choice to abuse drugs. In reality, the reasons as to why a young person may begin to abuse drugs can range from having poor adult role models who may also use drugs and alcohol as a way of coping or even a genetic predisposition toward poor self-regulatory behaviours (Spooner and Hall, 2002). Evidence shows that adolescent alcohol and drug abuse is not influenced by a single factor but a large number of factors which are not necessarily confined to any single part of the an adolescent’s world (Connors, Donovan DiClemente, 2001). Environment The environment in which a person lives is very instrumental when it comes to the kind of life that people lead, especially young people. You read "Interventions For Substance Abuse Amongst Young People" in category "Essay examples" If the environment is for example characterized by pronounced unemployment then young people in such an environment will indulge in activities that make them forget even for a moment the realities of the unemployment situation. If, for example, in their immediate environment young people face the situation of a large supply of drugs and everyone around them is abusing drugs or alcohol, then it is easy for such young people to adopt this kind of lifestyle and become drink or drug abusers. The above explanation shows that the kind of environment a young person stays in has a very direct influence on the habits that are finally adopted by this group of young people. Curiosity Young people naturally have the tendency to try new things and to find out how it feels doing something new. Young people in the United Kingdom are not an exception and most of them usually try drinking and drugs just to explore and find out what the experience is like. This however results in the young people becoming victims of the consequences that follow (Woo and Keatinge, 2008). The Defence Mechanism A good number of young people use drugs specifically to assist them in easing trauma that may result from unsatisfactory relationships and also physical or emotional abuse that may arise from families or homes that lack happiness. Promotion and Availability There is always a great amount of pressure from advertisement of alcohol over the media. The colourful nature of these promotions is often very enticing and mostly misleading. In the promotions or commercials, alcohol is glamorised hence the young people are influenced to indulge and as a result end up facing the dire consequences. This review will analyse the different interventions utilised when working with young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. These include those carried out by mental health workers, religion-orientated interventions, community based interventions and more psychiatric, medication based interventions. Motivational based interventions are also discussed. Aims and Objectives The aim of this project will be to review and critically evaluate the literature regarding different interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol in the UK. To achieve this aim the project has set the following objectives: To critically examine the interventions for young people (aged 16 to 21) who use drugs and alcohol in UK, with the aim of providing recommendations to improve the care given to the youths who are addicted or at risk of substance abuse. To use secondary data to identify the importance of different interventions in dealing with young people (age 16 to 21) who use drugs and alcohol in the UK. Rationale Interventions for young people aged 16 to 21 who use drugs and alcohol has elicited varied opinions from professionals involved in their care. This has been a result of the often complex and varied needs of young people with substance abuse issues, such as mental health issues (Weaver et al., 2003), social exclusion (Fakhoury and Priebe, 2006) and involvement with the criminal justice system (Hamdi and Knight, 2012; Lundholm et al., 2013). Therefore, there is often disagreement on where the intervention should focus primarily. Various strategies have been advanced to address the involvement of young adults in drugs and substance abuse. For example, medication by mental health nurses in cases of addiction (Bennett and Holloway, 2005). However, due to the variety of interventions available for treating young people with substance abuse disorder, it is important to continuously review the literature in this area and pin point the most effective interventions for treating this group of individuals. [Client must write some words here on why they have chosen this topic (this is essential according to the assignment brief).] SEARCH STRATEGY In preparation for this critical literature review, a number of sources including journals, articles and health text books were used. The search was conducted using computerised databases which enabled access to literature on interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. Examples of such databases are given below: The Department of Health NHS Evidence (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2012). PsycINFO (American Psychological Association, 2013). PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2013). Google Scholar (Google, 2013). net (EMAP Publishing, 2013). Nursing and Midwifery Council publications (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2010). Royal College of Psychiatrists useful resources (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2013). Royal College of Nursing library services (Royal College of Nursing, 2013). These databases contained numerous useful sources such as journal articles, recommendations, guidelines and reviews that were used to gather evidence relevant to interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. Search terms used included; ‘drugs and substance abuse’, ‘alcohol abuse’, ‘effects of alcohol abuse’, and ‘intervention measures for drugs and substance abuse[1]’. It was not uncommon for a search to produce many results. Therefore, for any search that produced more than 50 results, the first 50 results were observed to pick out the most relevant and interesting studies. The remaining results were not looked at because of time constraints[2]. In addition to searching for relevant sources through online databases, reference lists within articles were also utilised to search for other relevant sources. Inclusion Criteria For an effective review of the subject area, there was a need to select relevant articles to achieve the set objectives. Therefore, only sources relevant to intervention for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol, papers published in the English language and papers published after the year 1999 were selected. Although sources pertaining to studies carried out in the USA were still considered relevant, a priority was given to sources from the UK. If a source had used an adult sample but was still considered relevant and useful then it was considered for inclusion. Exclusion Criteria General papers on drugs and substance abuse not specific to youths, papers published in languages other than English and published before the year 1999 were not included. An example search strategy when using one of these sources, the British Nursing Index, is given below. Search Strategy Example: British Nursing Index (BNI). Through citing the term ‘intervention for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol’, 5,000 articles were gathered without limiters. Limiters such as ‘role of mental health nurses’ and ‘only book and journals concerned with drugs and substance abuse’ were applied to the second search, which reduced the output to 2,034 books and journals. In the third search, additional limiters such as year of publication (2000-2012) were applied, which then reduced the number of books and journals to 734. After all further limiters were applied, such as articles that only used an age group of 16 to 21 years as participants, 70 journals and books were chosen for further analysis. Only 23 articles were considered relevant for this review and analysis due to their in depth exploration of the subject and their meeting of inclusion and exclusion criteria. LITERATURE REVIEW Interventions for substance abuse serve a number of purposes including reducing use of illicit or non-prescribed drugs and curbing problems related to drug misuse, including health, social, psychological and legal problems and last but not least tackling the dangers associated with drug misuse, including the risks of HIV, hepatitis B and C and other blood-borne infections and the risks of drug-related death. Prevention and intervention are usually categorised into primary (direct prevention), secondary (early identification of the problem and subsequent treatment) and tertiary levels (late identification and treatment). Furthermore, interventions are now often categorised into population wide interventions, selective interventions aimed at only high risk groups and early interventions for at-risk groups (Cuijpers, 2003). The nature of interventions has also evolved over the years. Twenty to thirty years ago the emphasis was on providing young people with information and buffering moral values whereas in the more modern era, a social dimension has been added and young people are taught resistance skills to avoid peer pressure (Gilvarry, 2000). Alcohol related deaths are rife in the UK, with 8,748 alcohol related deaths in the UK in 2011 (Office for National Statistics, 2013). However, there were 1,883 noted drug related deaths in 2010, a decrease of 299 from 2009 (Ghodse et al. 2012). These statistics reflect the importance of interventions for drug abusers, which could be protecting some individuals from the most extreme consequence of substance abuse. Mental Health Interventions Research has evidenced that Major Depressive Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) is often co-morbid in young people who abuse drugs and alcohol (Sutcliffe et al., 2009; Marshall and Werb, 2010; Marmorstein, Iacono and Malone, 2010). Due to the potentially devastating effects of depression at both the individual (Galaif et al., 2011; Petrie and Brook, 2011) and societal level (Sobocki et al., 2006), substance abuse is viewed as something that must be dealt with swiftly and effectively. This co-morbidity of mental illness and substance abuse means that mental health nurses are often involved in interventions with young people. Mental illness is a psychological anomaly that is generally associated with distress or disability that is usually not considered to be a component of an individual’s normal development (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). Despite the fact that standard guideline criteria are used all over the world to define mental illness, diagnosis and i ntervention is often incredibly complex, especially when substance abuse is also a factor. Community services are offered to people with such problems through assessment by different psychiatrists and clinical psychologists, or sometimes social workers. All these professionals use methods of observation and inquiries through asking questions to help establish any given patient’s condition. Mental health nurses are often at the front line in providing care and support in both hospitals and the community. In the United Kingdom, mental health nurses play a great role in taking care of young people with mental disorders and mental illnesses that may have developed as a result of substance abuse (Department of Health, 2012). They offer counselling services in order to help people focus on their goals or outcomes; help people develop strategies that support self-care and enable individuals and their families to take responsibility for and participate in decisions about their health. They provide a range of services including education, research and knowledge sharing and e vidence informed practices. They also perform the role of addiction counsellors in order to provide intake co-ordination, assessment, treatment and follow-up care for youths with addictions, mental illness and mental health problems using common assessment tools. They can provide health promotion, prevention and early detection of problematic substance use; use core competencies and knowledge in addictions and a full range of withdrawal management services including detoxification services using best practice treatment protocols, outreach, prescribing, counselling, and harm reduction However, mental health nurses are often faced with challenges that hinder them from successfully achieving their goals. Challenges include non co-operation of the patients’ families and also the complex nature of patient problems (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). In a comprehensive review, RachBeisel, Scott and Dixon (1999) found that there was a much higher prevalence of substance abuse amongst individuals with mental illness and that the course of mental illness was significantly negatively influenced by the abuse of illegal substances. These findings highlight a key issue in mental health interventions for young people who abuse substances, namely that it is important to determine the relationship between the substance abuse and mental illness before allocating a suitable intervention. For example, if a young person has developed a mental illness as a result of abusing substances, a mental health focused intervention may not be appropriate as it would not be treating the root of the problem or the reason why the young person started to use illegal substances in the first place. Psychiatric and Medical Interventions Psychiatric and medical based interventions refer to the treatment of substance abuse in a young person by a psychiatrist who is medically trained and able to provide an additional dimension of treatment than a psychologist or mental health worker is able to. An example of this is the prescription of methadone, a synthetic opiate that is used to help young people withdraw safely from heroin use. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2007) recommend a psycho-social approach when treating individuals with substance abuse disorder and advocate the use of medication. However, use of medication with young people who are suffering from substance abuse disorders should be used with care due to the risk of dangerous side effects (Webster, 2005). Motivational Interventions Motivational interventions are brief interventions used by professionals to enhance a young person’s motivation to change and stop abusing substances (Tevyaw and Monti, 2004). In a review of the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (Smedslund et al., 2011) it was found that although motivational interviewing techniques were more effective at reducing the extent of future substance abuse when compared to no intervention, the technique was no more effective when compared to other types of intervention. For example, motivational interviewing was no better at reducing extent of substance abuse that simply assessing a patient and providing feedback. The authors reviewed 59 studies that had been accessed from a range of online databases. This is a reasonable number of studies as the body of literature on motivational interviewing as an intervention for substance abuse is quite limited. However, the authors failed to collect evidence on other measures of efficacy such as a redu ction in future criminal prosecution for drug offences or improvement in overall quality of life. The efficacy of motivational interviewing has been studied in young people in particular by McCambridge and Strang (2003). 200 young people from inner city London were randomly allocated to either a motivational interviewing condition or a non-intervention education control condition. All participants were aged between 16 and 20 and were using illegal drugs at the time of the study. The motivational interviewing intervention consisted of a brief, one hour face-to-face interview and self-reported changes in the use of cigarettes, cannabis, alcohol and other drugs was used as the outcome measure both immediately after the interview and at a three month follow up point. It was found that in comparison to the control group, young people who received motivational interviewing as a brief intervention reduced their use of cigarettes, alcohol and cannabis. Although these results initially seem in favour of motivational interviewing as an intervention for young people who have substance abuse issues, it should be noted that self-report measures are very open to bias and it is possible that the reported reduced use of drugs and alcohol was much higher than the actual reduction in use. This was reflected in a follow up study by the same authors 12 months later (McCambridge and Strang, 2005) where it was found that the difference in reduction in substance use between the experimental and control groups found after three months had completely disappeared. This result suggests that although motivational interviewing may be an effective short term intervention for treating young people with substance abuse issues, it has no enduring effectiveness over a long period of time. This may be due to a lack of follow-up support for young people and the brief nature of the intervention. Community-Based Interventions Community drug and alcohol services offer interventions such as comprehensive assessment and recovery care planning, support and care co-ordination, advice and information, stabilisation, counselling and relapse prevention and motivational interviewing (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). Hepatitis B vaccinations, Hepatitis C testing and referral to treatment for these diseases, are also essential due to the risk of infections through needle sharing. Like most interventions, these community services are aimed at promoting recovery from addiction and enabling the achievement of individual goals, helping individuals to remain healthy, until, with appropriate support, they can achieve a drug-free life. This may involve stabilising service users on prescribed substitute medication to improve withdrawal symptoms and to reduce cravings. In their review of community-based interventions, Jones et al. (2006) found a limit on the effectiveness of such interventions, especially when it came to long term and enduring effect for reducing substance abuse. The results suggested that a change in community-based interventions was needed. Morgenstern et al. (2001) found a very high level of satisfaction among community based substance abuse counsellors who had received training in delivering cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to clients. This suggests that perhaps one way of increasing the effectiveness of community-based interventions would be to equip community-based workers with a wider range of skills with which they can help young people suffering from substance abuse. Supporting this recommendation was a study by Waldron and Kaminer (2004) who found that use of CBT was associated with clinically significant reductions in substance abuse amongst adolescents. Religious Interventions Some interventions are religious in nature. For instance, the United Methodist Church follows a holistic approach which stresses prevention, involvement, treatment, community organization, and advocacy of abstinence. The church could be argued to have a progressive role by offering a spiritual perception on the issue of substance abuse. Another popular religious based approach to tacking alcohol abuse in particular is the 12-step program offered by Alcoholics Anonymous. Individuals are commonly encouraged or possibly even required cut any acquaintances with friends who still use alcohol. The 12-step programme motivates addicts to stop consuming alcohol or other drugs and also it helps to scrutinize and modify the habits related to their cause of addiction. Numerous programs accentuate that recovery is a long-lasting process with no culmination. For drugs which are legal such as alcohol, complete abstinence is recommended rather than attempts at moderation which may cause relapses. Fi orentine and Hillhouse (2000) found that participants in a 12-step program stayed in future treatment for a much longer period of time and were much more likely to be able to complete a 24-week intervention programme. It was also found that a combination of a 12-step program and an alternative substance abuse intervention was more effective than either treatment alone. This suggests that providing young people with interventions in isolation may not be the most effective way of helping them overcome their substance abuse. However, literature on religious based interventions tends to focus on adults and although still applicable to the treatment of young people in many ways, young people may be put off by the religious nature of these 12-step programmes and may be intimidated by the group nature of the treatment. In support of this criticism, Engle and MacGowan (2009) found that only two out of 13 adolescent group treatments of substance abuse could be categorised as showing potentia l efficacy in treating young people with these problems. Family-Oriented Interventions It has been argued that the family has a central role in both increasing and reducing the risk of problem behaviours in young people such as substance abuse (Vimpani and Spooner, 2003). A review by Velleman, Templeton and Copello (2005) echoed this view that the family can have both a positive or negative impact on a young person’s risk of substance abuse. Kumpfer, Alvarado and Whiteside (2003) have identified that support for families based within the home, family education and skills training, improving parental behaviour and time-limited family therapy are all highly effective forms of family-based interventions for young people with substance abuse issues. However, as research has shown that the family can also play a role in increasing risk of substance abuse, professionals must be confident that family therapy is suitable and not run the risk of worsening a young person’s relationship with their family and in turn worsening their substance abuse. School-Based Interventions Education about the use of drugs and alcohol within schools has been advocated as a preventative intervention for young people at risk of substance abuse disorder. Fletcher, Bonell and Hargreaves (2008) found that interventions focused around encouraging a positive school environment and improving young peoples’ relationships was associated with a reduction in risky substance abuse. However, part of this conclusion was based on the review of observational studies, which are open to bias and subjectivity. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS This essay has reviewed a number of sources regarding the efficacy and suitability of certain interventions for young people with substance abuse issues. A key limitation of much of the literature is the tendency to put emphasis on drugs as a generic material with very little distinction is made between different types of illicit substances. With the very varied effects of different drugs on the user, it could be argued that the specific reasons for a young person’s drug usage will have an impact on the effects that a drug has. For example, stimulant drugs will most likely be used for nervous system arousal, while other drugs such as alcohol and cannabis are sedatives and cause nervous system depression. These kinds of drugs can be termed as instrumental drugs since the reasons behind their usage correspond to the effect of the different kind of drug that is used (Brick, 2008). Therefore, it might be useful for professionals to base their interventions on the types of substanc e abused. From the above literature review it is evident that there is need for mental healthcare especially to help young people who are adversely affected by the use of drugs and other substance abuse. Some youths suffer from psychiatric disorders as a result of indulgence in drugs and substance abuse. Others experience mental problems that need serious rehabilitation measures taken in order to counter such problems hence emphasis should be laid on the care that is to be given to the young people affected by any of the above problems caused by the abuse of drugs and other substances. Therefore, mental health interventions remain an important intervention for young people. A number of recommended adjustments in healthcare to cater for young people struggling with abuse have been identified. For example, there should be an increased application of various musical strategies in helping patients suffering from various mental health conditions as a result of substance abuse (Connors, Donovan DiClemente, 2001), as this kind of intervention appears to be lacking in use with young people. Another main limitation in research that aims to measure the effectiveness of intervention measures is the lack of control that researchers have. It would be considered unethical if young people with drug abuse problems were randomly allocated to intervention procedures, especially if one was chosen as a control condition and was not believed to be effective in treating substance abuse issues. This means that it can be difficult to compare intervention methods. Another limitation lies in the types of measure researchers’ use to measure effectiveness of intervention methods. For example, a self-report measure may be used to assess whether young people have either stopped or at least reduced their intake of illicit substances. This type of questionnaire may also be used to see if the young people are seeing a positive result from receiving an intervention. However, self-report measures are open to social desirability bias meaning that many young people may fabricate their answer s in order to either please the professionals who are involved with helping them or to conceal ongoing substance abuse. The review has also emphasized the causes or triggers of alcohol and drug abuse among young people in the United Kingdom showing that the environment a young person stays in is one of the greatest factors that lead to indulgence in alcohol, drug and substance abuse. Other factors like enjoyment, peer pressure, promotions in the media and rebellion are also causes of alcohol, drug and substance abuse among the youth in the United Kingdom (Gurnack, Atkinson and Osgood, 2002). More focus on these root causes could help improve prevention and reduce the need for later intervention, which has a poor track record of success. Finally, there is need according to the literature review to improve media perception of mental health patients in order to help alleviate the conditions of psychiatric disorders that are caused by the indulgence of young people in alcohol, drug and substance abuse (Berglund and Thelander, 2003). This doesn’t indicate failure in the mental nursing services but it just implies that mental health workers and psychiatrists need reinforcement in order to positively contribute to successful intervention (Califano, 2007). This suggestion is based on the need for a more holistic approach when it comes to treating young people with substance abuse issues, where the effect on all areas of their life including their mental health must be taken into account during intervention. Strengths of this Critical Literature Review Secondary data was reviewed in this project, which provided larger scope on choices of information for the project. In addition this review was able to identify key areas for improvement of health condition interventions for youths affected by substance abuse. Limitations of this Critical Literature Review This literature review was small in scale, since word and time limits were set. Although 23 articles were selected for review, this number could have been improved. This could have provided a greater depth of understanding of the study area. In addition, limited time implicated how the review was to be carried out. The review was to be carried out in a period of less than three months during which time more than 23 articles were to be accessed and critically analysed. REFERENCES American Psychiatric Association, 1994. DSM-IV. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychological Association, 2013. PsycINFO. [online] Available at: http://www.apa.org/pubs/databases/psycinfo/index.aspx [Accessed 26 March 2013]. Bennett, T. and Holloway, K. (2005). Understanding drugs, alcohol and crime. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Berglund, M., Thelander, S. and Jonsson, E. (2003) Treating alcohol and drug abuse: An evidence based review. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. Brick, J. (2008) Handbook of the medical consequences of alcohol and drug abuse. New York: Haworth Press. Califano, J. A. (2007). High society: How substance abuse ravages America and what to do about it. New York: Public Affairs. Center for Mental Health Services (U.S.). (2005) Possible alcohol and substance abuse indicators. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Connors, G. J., Donovan, D. M. and DiClemente, C. C. (2001) Substance abuse treatment and the stages of change: Selecting and planning interventions. New York: Guilford Press. Cuijpers, P. (2003) Three decades of drug prevention research. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 10(1), pp. 7-20. Department of Health (2012) Not Another One: Yet More Policies to be Read, Signed and Filed. London: HMSO. EBSCO, 2012. Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. [online] Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/biomedical-libraries/the-cinahl-database [Accessed 26 March 2013]. EMAP Publishing, 2013. Nursing Times. [online] Available at: http://info.nursingtimes.net [Accessed 26 March 2013]. Emmelkamp, P. M. G. and Vedel, E. (2006). Evidence-based treatment for alcohol and drug abuse: A practitioner’s guide to theory, methods, and practice. New York: Routledge. Engle, B. and MacGowan, M.J. (2009) A critical review of adolescent substance abuse group treatments. Journal of evidence-based social work, 6(3), pp. 217-243. Fakhoury, W.K.H. and Priebe, S. (2006) An unholy alliance: substance abuse and social exclusion among assertive outreach patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 114(2), pp. 124-131. Fiorentine, R. and Hillhouse, M.P. (2000) Drug treatment and 12-step program participation: The additive effects of integrated recovery activities. Journal of Substance Abuse and Treatment, 18, pp. 65-74. Fletcher, A., Bonell, C. and Hargreaves, J. (2008) School effects on young people’s drug use: A systematic review of intervention and observational studies. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(3), pp. 209-220. Galaif, E.R., Sussman, S., Newcomb, M.D. and Locke, T.F. (2011) Suicidality, depression, and alcohol use among adolescents: A review of empirical findings. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 19(1), pp. 27-35. Ghodse, H., Corkery, J., Schifano, F., Piolanti, A., Trincas, G. and Melchiorre, G.D. (2012) Drug related deaths in the UK. Annual Report 2011. London, UK: International Centre for Drug Policy. Gilvarry, E. (2000) Substance abuse in young people. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(1), pp. 55-80. Google (2013) Google Scholar. [online] Available at: http://scholar.google.co.uk/ [Accessed 26 March 2013]. Gurnack, A. M., Atkinson, R. M. and Osgood, N. J. (2002) Treating alcohol and drug abuse in the elderly. New York: Springer Publications. Hamdi, N.R. and Knight, R.A. (2012) The relationships of perpetrator and victim substance use to the sexual aggression of rapists and child molesters. Sexual Abuse – A Journal of Research and Treatment, 24(4), pp. 307-327. Home Office (2012) Illicit drug use among 16-24s tales Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2011/12 Crime Survey for England and Wales. [online] Available at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/drugs-misuse-dec-1112-tabs/extent-young-tabs [Accessed 27 March 2013]. Jones, L., Sumnall, H., Witty, K., Wareing, M., McVeigh, J. and Bellis, M. (2006) A review of community-based interventions to reduce substance misuse among vulnerable and disadvantaged young people. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Keegan, K. and Moss, H (2008) Chasing the high: A firsthand account of one young person’s experience with substance abuse. New York: Oxford University Press. Lundholm, L., Haggard, L., Moller, J., Hallqvist, J. and Ingemar, T. (2013) The triggering effect of alcohol and illicit drugs on violence crime in a remand prison population: A case crossover study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 129(1-2), pp. 110-115. Marmorstein, N.R., Iacono, W.G. and Malone, S.M. (2010) Longitudinal associations between depression and substance dependence from adolescence through early adulthood. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 107(2), pp. 154-160. Marshall, B.D.L. and Werb, D. (2010) Health outcomes associated with methamphetamine use among young people: a systematic review. Addiction, 105(6), pp. 991-1002. McCambridge, J. and Strang, J. (2003) The efficacy of single-session motivational interviewing in reducing drug consumption and perceptions of drug-related risk and harm among young people: result from a multi-site cluster randomised trial. Addiction, 99, pp. 39-52. McCambridge, J. and Strang, J. (2005) Deterioration over time in effect of Motivational Interviewing in reducing drug consumption and related risk among young people. Addiction, 100(4), pp. 470-478. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2013) PubMed. [online] Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed [Accessed 26 March 2013]. National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (2012) Statistics for young people in specialist drug and alcohol services in England 2011-12. London, UK: National Drug Treatment Monitoring System. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2007) Drug misuse: psychosocial interventions: full guidelines. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2012) NHS Evidence. [online] Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/aboutnice/aboutnhsevidence.jsp [Accessed 26 March 2013]. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) Code, Standards for conduct, performance and ethicsfor nurses and midwives. www.nmc.uk.org Nursing and Midwifery Council (2010) Publications. [online] Available at: http://www.nmc-uk.org/Publications-/ [Accessed 26 March 2013]. Office for National Statistics (2013) Alcohol-related deaths in the United Kingdome, 2011. London, UK: Office for National Statistics. Parker, H.J., Measham, F. and Aldridge, J. (1995) Drugs futures: changing patterns of drug use amongst English youth. London: Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence. Petrie, K. and Brook, R. (2011) Sense of coherence, self-esteem, depression and hopelessness as correlates of reattempting suicide. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(3), pp. 293-300. RachBeisel, J., Scott, J. and Dixon, L. (1999) Co-occuring severe mental illness and substance use disorders: A review of recent research. Psychiatric Services, 50(11), pp. 3. Royal College of Nursing (2013) RCN library services and archives. [online] Available at: http://www.rcn.org.uk/development/library [Accessed 26 March 2013]. Royal College of Psychiatrists (2013) Useful Resources. [online] Available at: http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/usefulresources.aspx [Accessed 26 March 2013]. Shiner, M. and Newburn, T. (1997) Definitely, maybe notThe normalisation of recreational drug use amongst young people. Sociology, 31(3), pp. 511-529. Smedslund, G., Berg, R.C., Hammerstrom, K.T., Steiro, A., Leiknes, K.A., Dahl, H.M. and Karlsen, K. (2011) Motivational interviewing for substance abuse. Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews, Issue 5. Sobocki, P., Jonsson, B., Angst, J. and Rehnberg, C. (2006) Cost of depression in Europe. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 9(2), pp. 87. Spooner, C. and Hall, W. (2002) Preventing drug misuse by young people: we need to do more than ‘just say no.’ Addiction, 97(5), 478-481. Sutcliffe, C.G., German, D., Sirirojn, B., Latkin, C., Aramrattana, A., Sherman, S.G. and Celentano, D. (2009) Patterns of methamphetamine use and symptoms of depression among young adults in Northern Thailand. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 101(3), pp. 146-151. Tevyaw, T.O. and Monti, P.M. (2004) Motivational enhancement and other brief interventions for adolescent substance abuse: foundations, applications and evaluations. Addiction, 99, pp. 63-75. Velleman, R.D.B., Templeton, L.J. and Copello, A.G. (2005) The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24, pp. 93-109. Vimpani, G. and Spooner, C. (2003) Minimising substance misuse by strategies to strengthen families. Drug and Alcohol Review, 22, pp. 251-254. Waldron, H.B. and Kaminer, Y. (2004) On the learning curve: The emerging evidence supporting cognitive-behavioural therapies for adolescent substance abuse. Addiction, 99, pp. 93-105. Weaver, T., Madden, P., Charles, V., Stimson, G., Renton, A., Tyrer, P., Barnes, T., Bench, C., Middleton, H., Wright, N., Paterson, S., Shanahan, W., Seivewright, N. and Ford, C. (2003) Comorbidity of substance misuse and mental illness in community mental health and substance misuse services. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, pp. 304-313. Webster, L.R. (2005) Methadone-related deaths. Journal of Opioid Management, 1(4), pp, 211-217. Woo, S. M. and Keatinge, C. (2008) Diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders across the lifespan. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons. APPENDICES Appendix A Search Term: â€Å"Drugs and substance abuse.† SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence5597 PsychINFO22 PubMed2337 Google Scholar1,070,000 Nursing.net4435 Nursing and Midwifery Council59 Royal College of Psychiatrists477 Royal College of Nursing library services1,753 Search Term: â€Å"Alcohol Abuse.† SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence6893 PsychINFO92 PubMed87,995 Google Scholar1,480,000 Nursing.net1760 Nursing and Midwifery Council138 Royal College of Psychiatrists629 Royal College of Nursing library services1,654 Search Term: â€Å"Effects of alcohol abuse.† SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence5476 PsychINFO31 PubMed21,363 Google Scholar1,430,000 Nursing.net8502 Nursing and Midwifery Council40 Royal College of Psychiatrists531 Royal College of Nursing library services2,590 Search term: â€Å"Intervention measures for drugs and substance abuse.† SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence3169 PsychINFO3 PubMed215 Google Scholar174,000 Nursing.net7672 Nursing and Midwifery Council23 Royal College of Psychiatrists302 Royal College of Nursing library services3,250 Appendix B TitleFirst AuthorPublication Year 1Drug treatment and twelve-step program participation: the additive effects of integrated recovery activities.Fiorentine2000 2A critical review of adolescent substance abuse group treatments.Engle2009 3Co-occuring severe mental illness and substance use disorders: A review of recent research.RachBeisel1999 4Statistics for young people in specialist drug and alcohol services in England 2011-12National Drug Treatment Monitoring System2012 5Substance abuse in young people.Gilvarry2000 6The efficacy of single-session motivational interviewing in reducing drug consumption and perceptions of drug-related risk and harm among young people: results from a multi-site cluster randomised trial.McCambridge2004 7The role of the family in preventing and interviewing with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family intervention, with a focus on young people.Velleman2005 8School effects on young people’s drug use: a systematic review of intervention and observational studies.Fletcher2008 9A review of community-based interventions to reduce substance misuse among vulnerable and disadvantaged young people.Jones2006 10Motivational enhancement and other brief interventions for adolescent substance abuse: foundations, applications and evaluations.Tevyaw2004 11Motivational interviewing for substance abuse.Smedslund2011 12On the learning curve: the emerging evidence supporting cognitive-behavioural therapies for adolescent substance abuse.Waldron2004 13Testing the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment for substance abuse in a community setting: within treatment and posttreatment findings.Morgenstern2001 14Family-based interventions for substance use and misuse prevention.Kumpfer2003 15Deterioration over time in effect of Motivational Interviewing in reducing drug consumption and related risk among young people.McCambridge2005 16Drug misuse: psychosocial interventions: full guideline.National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence2007 17Substance abuse treatment and the stages of change: Selecting and planning interventions.Connors2001 How to cite Interventions For Substance Abuse Amongst Young People, Essay examples

Cultural Anthropology Sociology, Intervention, And Policy Development ( Gwynne Pp ) Essay Example For Students

Cultural Anthropology : Sociology, Intervention, And Policy Development ( Gwynne Pp ) Essay Applied cultural anthropology is known to be â€Å"the use of ideas, techniques, and data derived from the field of cultural anthropology in the attempt to contribute to solutions to social problems† (Gwynne pp. 6). To be an applied anthropologist, you must have the basic skills of doing research, intervention, and policy development (Gwynne pp. 7-8). Applied anthropology has existed since the 19th century, but was not technically termed â€Å"applied anthropology. † Though researchers and anthropologists were interested in studying different cultures they also worked in academia. Franz Boas for example (Gwynne pp. 55) was an academic anthropologist who also took part-time jobs in other fields of applied anthropology and became the Father of American Anthropology. After the New Deal was formed, jobs in applied anthropology were expanding. Although, applied anthropology seemed to awaken during World War II when colleges offered applied anthropology to the military to understand foreign countries and people living there. In the 1970’s the Society for Applied Anthropology was created and the â€Å"new federal legislation mandates anthropological involvement in historical, environmental, and social arenas† (Gwynne pp. 55). According to Gwynne, modern day academe has been decreasing in enrollment, but the percentage of students graduating from applied anthropology has been flourishing over the years (pp. 55). Within the applied anthropology field, jobs are practically endless. Graduates of applied anthropology are able to work in â€Å"development, advocacy, social work, the law and law enforcement, business, social marketing, medicine, and international health† (Gwynne pp. 12). However, when working with people and doing research on them, there must be e. . history of applied anthropology because they all implement holism, the way people think, and connections to cultures which is how applied anthropology became favored within the rest of the fields of anthropology, cultural anthropology, archaeology, physical anthropology, and anthropological linguistics. These researchers are able to get in touch and participate with their informants to better understand how all these cultures can relate to each other and help change lives of people who really need help. With businesses like the WIC program, women would not receive the help they need if it was not for applied anthropologists researching what the problem was that women were not enrolling into a program that they were eligible for. Also with the help of Feng’s research, Chinas tourism problem could eventually go back to a steady pace and better environment for locals.

Mass of the Earth free essay sample

Introduction Geology is a way to know the content of the earth and how the earth works. This activity is going to show the mass of the earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass of the Earth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reason is to show how scientists determined the mass of the Earth, and an example of one of the ways to estimate the mass of the earth. Knowing the mass of the earth is important because it helps us to understand what is in the center of the earth, and how the earth operates. Several historical figures have discovered the mass of the earth. Henry Cavendish is credited as the first person to find the mass of the Earth (Rubin). Eratosthenes calculated the size of the earth in 276 BC. Newton was incremental in calculating the mass of the earth with his equation of gravity (Wile). Today’s known mass of the earth is 5.98*10^24kg or 598 sextillion kilograms (Wile). One way to can calculate the mass of the earth is by finding the time it takes to rotate around the sun and using the equations of gravity and centripetal force to calculate the mass of the earth. This method takes equipment to calculate the mass of the sun and the velocity which cannot be done in a classroom without the information pre- given in a text book (Wile). Methods How can the mass of the earth be estimated? This experiment will show how that can be done. In this experiment the equipment used includes: six rocks given in class to calculate the average density of rocks, a graduated cylinder full of water, a calculator, and an electronic balance. One of the assumptions that I can make regarding the calculations achieved in the activity include many of the rocks have similar or even the same volume because of their size. Another premise that can be made is the densities are similar in some of the rocks in this activity. The above assumptions are justified in this experiment because three of the volumes are exactly the same in the calculations and the rocks were the same sizes. The densities are also very similar in some of the samples. The reason being is that the mineral content is similar or exactly the same, but arranged differently. One example of this mineral content is basaltic porphyry and basalt; another is granite and pegmatite. Each of these rocks has the same mineral content, but different particle sizes (Wicander, Monroe). Results To determine the mass we placed the first rock on the balance to find its mass and the answer was 25g. Secondly, the rock was placed in water to find the volume, and found the volume was 25mL which makes the density 1 g/mL. Five more rocks were measured in the same way. For the second rock the mass was 50g and the volume was 23mL, making a density of 2.17g/mL. The third rock had a mass was 77g and the volume of 25mL, making a density of 3.08g/mL. On the fourth rock, the mass was 70g and the volume was 25mL, making a density of 2.8g/mL. The mass of the fifth was 33g and the volume was 10mL, making a density of 3.3g/mL. In the final rock the mass was 15g and the volume was 5mL, making a density of 3.0g/mL. The rocks average density is 2.56g/cm3 because you can substitute cm3 for mL since they are equal. To find the mass of the earth we had to know the densities of the rock and the iron. The rock made up 65% of the earth’s material, and iron made up the other 35%. The density of the iron was given as 7,874 kg/m3.The density of iron had to be multiplied by .35 to find the final density of iron in the earth. Then the new density (2,756 kg/m3) was multiplied by the given volume, which is 1.08321e21m3 to get a mass of 2.9853e24kg. Next I had to calculate the density of the rock in kg/m3 which ended up as 2,560kg/m3. That density had to be multiplied by .65 to get the density of the total rock of the earth. The answer is calculated as 1,664kg/m3. To get the mass, I multiplied the given volume by the density of the rock, which was calculated as 1.8025e24kg. Finally to get the mass of the earth, the mass of the iron had to be added to the mass of rock. The mass of the earth was found to be 4.78e24kg. Table 1 Density in kg/m3 Volume in m3 Mass in kg Mass of the Earth in kg Rock total in earth 1,6641.08321e21 1.80246e24 4.78e24 Irontotal in earth 2,756 1.08321e21 2.98533e24 Discussion The mass of the earth calculated by me compared to the one discovered by real scientists is that mine was 4.78e24kg but the real mass was 5.98e24kg (Wile). The reason for the difference is being the water was not part of the calculation. Also what would play into this would be the amount of rocks used. It would change the density of the earth because all rocks have different densities, and the more rocks used the more accurate the density will be. Another factor is how we calculated using a geologic equation while scientists used the gravitational pull of the sun and Newton’s equations on gravity to find the mass of the earth. Ways I could improve my results include using more rocks to make a more precise average density of rocks in the earth to find a closer answer. In addition, the density of water could also be used since water also takes up a huge amount of the earth. Another way that would work is finding the density of nickel since there is a significant amount of nickel in the center of the earth, which would give a more accurate mass. Conclusion In conclusion, in this activity the densities of various rocks were calculated, then averaged. The given information was used to calculate the mass of the iron portion of the earth. After that, the mass of the rock portion of the earth was calculated. Then both of those masses were added together to give the total mass of the earth. References â€Å"Eratosthenes: Greek Scientist.† 9-30-16. Rubin, Julian. â€Å"Henry Cavendish: Weighing the Earth.† June 2013. Wile, Jay L. Exploring Creation with Physics. Anderson, IN: Apologia Educational Ministries,2004. Print. Wicander, Reed, Monroe, James S. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2013

Birth of the Olympian Gods and Goddesses

Birth of the Olympian Gods and Goddesses How did the world start according to your worldview? Was there a sudden cosmic spark emerging from nowhere? Did life then emerge from some sort of almost living form? Did a supreme being create the world in seven days and form the first woman from the rib of the first (male) human? Was there a great swirling chaos from which emerged a frost giant and a salt-licking cow? A cosmic egg? Greek mythology contains creation stories that are very different from either the familiar story of Adam and Eve or the Big Bang. In Greek myths about the early world, themes of parental treachery alternate with tales of filial betrayal. Youll also find love and loyalty. There are all the essentials of good plot lines. Birth and cosmic creation are linked. Mountains and other physical parts of the world are born through procreation. Granted, it is procreation between things that we dont think of as procreating, but this is an ancient version and part of the ancient mythological worldview.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Parental Treachery: In Generation 1, the sky (Uranus), who is seemingly without any love at all for his offspring (or maybe he just wants his wife all to himself), hides his children inside his wife, Mother Earth (Gaia).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Filial Betrayal: In Generation 2, the Titan father (Cronus) swallows his children, the newborn Olympians. In Generation 3, the Olympic gods and goddesses have learned from the examples of their ancestors, so there is more parental treachery:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zeus swallows one mate and sews the soon-to-be born offspring of another inside himself after he kills the mother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hera, the wife of Zeus, creates a god without a mate, but even he isnt safe from his parents, for Hera (or Zeus) hurls her son from Mt. Olympus. 1st Generation Generation implies a coming into being, so that which was there from the beginning is not and cannot be generated. What has always been there, whether it be a god or a primeval force (here, Chaos), is not the first generation. If for convenience, it requires a number, it can be referred to as Generation Zero. Even the first generation here gets a bit tricky if examined too closely since it could be said to cover 3 generations, but thats not terribly relevant for this look at parents (particularly, fathers) and their treacherous relations with their children. According to some versions of Greek mythology, at the beginning of the universe, there was Chaos. Chaos was all alone [Hesiod Theog. l.116], but soon Gaia (Earth) appeared. Without the benefit of a sexual partner, Gaia gave birth to Uranus (Sky) to provide covering and father half-siblings. With Uranus serving as the father, mother Gaia gave birth to the 50-headed Hecatonchiresthe Cyclopes (Cyclops)the 12 Titans 2nd Generation Eventually, the 12 Titans paired off, male and female: Cronus and RheaIapetus and ThemisOceanus and TethysHyperion and TheiaCrius and MnemosyneCoeus and Phoebe They produced rivers and springs, second generation Titans, Atlas and Prometheus, moon (Selene), sun (Helios), and many others. Much earlier, before the Titans had paired off, their father, Uranus, who was hateful and rightly fearful that one of his sons might overthrow him, shut all his children inside his wife, their Mother Earth (Gaia). And he used to hide them all away in a secret place of Earth so soon as each was born, and would not suffer them to come up into the light: and Heaven rejoiced in his evil doing. But vast Earth groaned within, being straitened, and she made the element of grey flint and shaped a great sickle, and told her plan to her dear sons. - Hesiod Theogony, which is all about the generation of gods. Another version comes from 1.1.4 Apollodorus*, who says Gaia was angry because Uranus had thrown his first children, the Cyclopes, into Tartarus. [See, I told you there was love; here, maternal.] At any rate, Gaia was angry with her husband for imprisoning their children either within her or in Tartarus, and she wanted her children released. Cronus, the dutiful son, agreed to do the dirty work: he used that flint sickle to castrate his father, rendering him impotent (without power). 3rd Generation Then the Titan Cronus, with his sister Rhea as a wife, sired six children. These were the Olympic gods and goddesses: HestiaHeraDemeterPoseidonHadesZeus Cursed by his father (Uranus), the Titan Cronus was afraid of his own children. After all, he knew how violent he had been towards his father. He knew better than to repeat the mistakes his father had made in leaving himself vulnerable, so instead of imprisoning his children in his wifes body (or Tartarus), Cronus swallowed them. Like her mother Earth (Gaia) before her, Rhea wanted her children to be free. With the help of her parents (Uranus and Gaia), she figured out how to defeat her husband. When it was time to give birth to Zeus, Rhea did it in secret. Cronus knew she was due and asked for the new baby to swallow. Instead of feeding him Zeus, Rhea substituted a stone. (No one said the Titans were intellectual giants.) Zeus matured safely until he was old enough to force his father to regurgitate his five siblings (Hades, Poseidon, Demeter, Hera, and Hestia). As G.S. Kirk points out in The Nature of Greek Myths, with the oral rebirth of his brothers and sisters, Zeus, once the youngest, became the oldest. At any rate, even if the regurgitation-reversal doesnt persuade you that Zeus could claim to be the oldest, he became the leader of the gods on snow-capped Mt. Olympus. 4th Generation Zeus, a first generation Olympian (although in the third generation since the creation), was father to the following second generation Olympians, put together from various accounts: AthenaAphroditeAresApolloArtemisDionysusHermesHephaestusPersephone The list of Olympians contains 12 gods and goddesses, but their identities vary. Hestia and Demeter, entitled to spots on Olympus, sometimes surrender their seats. Parents of Aphrodite and Hephaestus Although they may have been Zeus children, the lineage of 2 second-generation Olympians is in question: Some claim Aphrodite (goddess of love and beauty) sprang from the foam and severed genitals of Uranus. Homer refers to Aphrodite as the daughter of Dione and Zeus.Some (including Hesiod in the introductory quote) claim Hera as the sole parent of Hephaestus, the lame blacksmith god. But Zeus himself gave birth from his own head to bright-eyed Tritogeneia (29), the awful, the strife-stirring, the host-leader, the unwearying, the queen, who delights in tumults and wars and battles. But Hera without union with Zeus for she was very angry and quarreled with her mate bare famous Hephaestus, who is skilled in crafts more than all the sons of Heaven.-Hesiod Theogony 924ff It is interesting, but to my knowledge insignificant, that these two Olympians who had uncertain parentage married. Zeus as Parent Many of Zeus liaisons were unusual; for instance, he disguised himself as a cuckoo bird to seduce Hera. Two of his children were born in a manner he might have learned from his father or grandfather; that is, like his father Cronus, Zeus swallowed not only the child but the mother Metis while she was pregnant. When the fetus had fully formed, Zeus gave birth to their daughter Athena. Lacking the proper feminine apparatus, he gave birth through his head. After Zeus had frightened or burned his mistress Semele to death, but before she was completely incinerated, Zeus removed the fetus of Dionysus from her womb and sewed it into his thigh where the wine god-to-be developed until ready for rebirth. *Apollodorus, a 2nd Century B.C. Greek scholar, wrote a Chronicles and On the Gods, but the reference here is to the Bibliotheca or Library, which is falsely attributed to him.

Proof reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Proof reading - Essay Example The repetition of the word anything is to prove that there are a lot of things can be done over there. The corruption in Congo allowed people to kill and to do what ever they want. Those people knew that there is no one to judge them. The more time Marlow spend in the Congo, the more darkness he discovered over there. Going more into my reading, I realized that Kurtz is a man the people were scared of. Another thing that was interesting in the second part was the Russian. I always wonder why the Russian was there till I realized that he was helping Kurtz. Chris Hedges' War is a Force that Gives Us Meaning: Katie Pearman What I understood from Chris Hedges â€Å"War is a force that Give Us meaning† that Hedges did not mean the physical force where someone get forced to do something. Here the meaning of the force is when we change the meaning of what we have done. Force is more close to our feeling. For example, if someone did a bad thing to me, I might have the feeling that I w ant to be bad to him. The feeling could be the thing that forced me to be bad. The same thing happened in war where the winner is the hero. If we look to what this hero did in this war, we would find that he killed, wounded, and destroyed his enemy. The people waiting for this hero to come back will make a celebration for this hero and he would be greeted for what he has done. However when you might ask those people about what this soldier has done, they will say that he has defeated the enemy, which is for them different from killing the enemy. Those people have been forced according to Hedge’s book. After reading Chris Hedges book I have changed the way I look at things. Candle Holocaust Museum It was my first time to visit a holocaust museum. During my life so far I have never thought about what the Jew felt during holocaust; I just knew that it happened. Visiting this museum was a new experience to me. When I entered I saw a lot of certificates on the wall. Most of those certificates were for Eva one of the survivor of the holocaust. One of those certificates that belong to Eva Kor who was the â€Å"HERO OF FORGIVNESS.† I could not believe that there is someone who will forgive the people who killed his family or fellow members. I believe that Eva deserved this certificate because she had controlled her anger. When I was going over the museum, I found a part for the Nazi that has the Nazi flag and picture of Hitler. The presence of the Nazi section implied that Eva did not forget, but forgave the misdeeds that she had faced. I believe the purpose of this Museum is to educate people on how to forgive others and even a sinner. If people did not forgive each other; fight and war will become a part of their life. Revenge will initiate revenge. Eva is educating people because she want people to know that we as human being shall help each other to have a successful life. Levi ch 1-5 One of the most interesting passage and really close to me was the question that was asked, â€Å"If you and your child were going to be killed tomorrow, would you not give him to eat today? (15). My answer to this questing is â€Å"I don’t know.† knowing that you will die tomorrow may make someone suffer more than actual death. In this passage there is a child, which mean parents would not only think about them self; they have a child for whom they care and it will make them suffer even more. Levi wants to show what really happened in those death camps. Also, he wants to transmit